General Discussions
This is the place to discuss general issues related to the U-boat war or the war at sea in WWII.
Liberty
Posted by:
Yuri IL\'IN
()
Date: April 27, 2001 01:49PM
<HTML>Translated from Russian.
Original: [users.odessa.net]
<B><em>Liberty</em> long life of vessels built on one trip</B>
V. Goritsky, Ukraine
Has passed by little more than 20 years, as last were excluded from the list of vessels of the Azov marine shipping company on Ukraine generalpurpose dry-cargo ships such as <em>Liberty</em> steam vessels <em>Tbilisi</em> and <em>Alexander Suvorov</em>. The vessels have lived famous life, which began in 1943 on ship-building wharf Oregon Shipbuilding Corporation, arranged in the American city Portland. To head out by seas and oceans more than for 33 years it is fated not to many dry cargo carriers, that originally they were plotted on one transition through the Atlantic or Pasific oceans.
The vessels of this type were plotted because of sharp shortage of the tonnage which has appeared during the second world war at countries anti-nazi coalition.
Nazi Germany has deduced of the naval fleet, including underwater, on transport shipping paths of the Atlantic ocean. There German ships put significant losses to transport fleet of a coalition, first of all Great Britain.
Since September 1, 1939 till December, 1940 Great Britain has lost 20 % of the tonnage (585 vessels by the tonnage 4,5 million of tons), and to summer of 1941 it was shrank to third. The losses of fleet of other states have constituted on deadweight capacity 1,5 million of tons. On the same time the increase of the military help to the European and Asian countries on lend-lease by the United States of America is necessary.
The main loads on fulfilment and escalating of the tonnage, including dry-cargo generalpurpose fleet, have undertaken USA. Then on the basis of the British standard cargo ship by deadweight capacity 10 thousand tons was projected and the generalpurpose dry-cargo steam vessel such as <em>Liberty</em> (draft ES2-S-CIMK) is launched in serial production. Keel of a main vessel have put in pawn in city Baltimore of April 30, and the putting afloat was held on September 27, 1941.
The vessels of this type were welded, twin-deck, with five cargo holds, with a superstructure and engine-room in mid-range, about family by watertight bulkheads, which ensured unsinkability of a vessel at deluging any bulk hold. They were designed for work in a unrestricted navigation area.
Ship\'s electric powerplants, pumps, the cargo winches, steering engine, windlass, warping winch for diving bell had a drive from the appropriate steam engines. Heating - steam.
Rescue equipments two motor boats by bulk till 20 men two boat till 30 men, two plots and sixty individual (?). The anchor gear consist of two chains by a length on 250 m in calibre 57 mm.
For refrigeration of a provision store there was one refrigeration plant. The temperature schedule was supported automatically from -9,5 up to +5,0 grad Celsium.
The vessels of a series a little bit differed on the sizes and weighting characteristics, but differ in cargo gears. All vessels armed with ten easy derricks by cargo capacity on 3, 4 or 5 tons. Heavy derricks on one (it was usual 50 ton) or two, the cargo capacity them varied.
The installation of two guns up to 6 inches, 6 - 8 air-defence automatic control units (20 - 40 mms), machine guns, depth charges was provided. However per the first years of war not all vessels completely staffed with arms because of its absence. A case were arranged with degaussing installations, and steering and the chart rooms were defended by concrete plates. On some vessels the devices for bracing antitorpedo nets were established.
The building was organized on wharf of Pacific and Atlantic coast of USA.
The vessels of a series collected by a conveyor method with usage of electric welding, including automatic. The application of these innovations in shipbuilding has allowed to finish a productive cycle of assembly of a vessel about two months, and the absolute record of duration of construction <em>Liberty</em> has constituted 111 hours 30 minutes (wharf in city Richmond).
The cost of construction of vessels on various wharfs considerably changed. On wharf of staff California the first vessel costed of 1178 thousand dollars, and 124 - of 692 thousand.
In the whole increase of ship-building potential on <em>Liberty</em> was reached for account of development of material base of shipbuilding, simplification of a hull form, maximal simplification and unitization of marine equipment, application of new technology of assembly and fast preparing of ship-building staff, especially of welders. For fun spoke, that <em>Liberty</em> the hairdressers(barbers) pulpified. Simplification of constructions, lowering of demands to materials and quality of performance of works were by the reason of easing of a case, that fetched at pitching motion in rends of a deck, and in the worse cases (them was 8) - to breaking down of a case.
In this connection the draft was improved, and at the built vessels the case became stronger.
The vessels worked in wartime conditions, supplying engineering, strategic materials and food in Great Britain, China, USSR and other countries of a coalition much. And the part from them has continued to work and per post-war years. The reception <em>Liberty</em> in USSR on lend-lease and buyings began from January, 1943. For their reception from Soviet Union the staffed crews were shipped. There, in America, the vessels were loaded, in the main military engineering, weapon, ammunition, military equipment, food, then followed in ports of Soviet Union. On Far East a primary port of discharging was Vladivostok. In European Arctic ocean region - ports Murmansk, Arkhangelsk, Severodvinsk.
On <em>Liberty</em> of Far East Marine Shipping Company the cargoes from Australia, New Zealand, India, Indonesia were carried.
With vessels of this type ensured a supply of troops of the Karelian front, during act of war linked to liquidation of the centers second world on Pacific ocean, and also operated services of economic cargoes.
December 30, 1944 on transition of Murmansk to Liinahomari torpedoed by German U-boat a steam vessel <em>Tbilisi</em>. The fore, broken off by explosion, of a steam vessel sanked, stern has remained afloat. 14 men were lost, remaining were salvaged. When the storm has ceased, a stern <em>Tbilisi</em> have lifted from a bank in region of an island Kildin, where her has beaten by a wind and current, and have towed off in a port on discharge. Already after war on Arkhangelsk a repair factory \"Krasnaya Kuznica\" to a stern part have joined of a bow sister ship. Thus of second time the steam vessel <em>Tbilisi</em> was born, which captain was assigned Kacharava.
Per military years on <em>Liberty</em> (<em>Jahn Jores</em>) the woman - first in the world deep-sea master Anna Ivanovna Schetinina worked.
In total for military years 2770 vessels such as <em>Liberty</em> of various updating are built, from them 200 units were lost. Rendering the owing shipbuilders and seamen for the huge contribution to common victory, in USA annually September 27 mark Day <em>Liberty,/em>.
After the termination of the second world war the requirement for carriages of military cargoes was sharply shrank, and, naturally, the need for vessels such as <em>Liberty</em> was moderated. They solded, were staked on stop, and finding in other countries on lend-lease were reverted at home, where for them waited scraping.
In the Soviet Union these vessels with an end of the war at once have joined in work on recovery of a national economy, on providing the foreign trade carriages. They were largest on the sizes in a composition of a generalpurpose dry cargo fleet. The passport cargo capacity <em>Liberty</em> constituted 8,3 thousand tons, and medium cargo capacity of a vessel of a transport maritime fleet of Union by the beginning of 1946 - of 3,1 thousand.
All vessels were converted, are re-equipped, all of them have received new navigating domestic equipment (magnetic compasses, gyro-compasses, radio direction finders, radiolocators, echo-sounders, lags), on some the air-conditioning installations in service and accommodation spaces (<em>Beshtau</em>, <em>Sayany</em>) have appeared. The tweendecks of several vessels (<em>Bryansk</em>, <em>Vitebsk</em>, <em>Kamenetz-Podolsk</em>) have converted for carriage of the passengers (up to 568 adults and up to 100 children on a vessel).
On the moment of an ending of the war the vessels such as <em>Liberty</em> lay on Far East and in European Arctic ocean region. With the purpose of the solution of national transport tasks and possible maximal technical usage they from ÄÂÌà and ÌÌà were transferred in the Black Sea, Azov and Baltic marine shipping companies.
In a begining of of 1967 the presence of vessels <em>Liberty</em> on Soviet shipping companies was following: Far East shipping company - 23 ships, Black Sea shipping company - 13 ships, Baltic shipping company - 7 ships, Azov shipping company - 2 ships, Arctic shipping company - 1 ships.
The vessels Far East shipping company worked mostly in coastal shipping, ensuring cargoes of coast Japanese and Ochotskoje seas, Pacific coast of Kamchatka, Chukotka, Northern seas, islands of a Kuril patch and island of Sakhalin, and also fulfilled the foreign trade carriages of goods, as a rule, in countries of Asia and Australia.
<em>Liberty</em> Black Sea shipping company basically the India worked on ports of Mediterranean,, went in Far East ports of Soviet Union.
Black Sea shipping company directed the vessels to ports of Great Britain and Northern Europe, did trips in a great coasting trade on northern and Far East ports of the Soviet Union.
Azovian went on ports of Mediterranean. In the begining of of 1974 in a composition Sea Fleet there were 19 vessels <em>Liberty</em> from them 7 ships. In the Ukrainian shipping companies (Black Sea shipping company - 4 vessels, Azov shipping company - 3 vessels).
Hence, vessels such as <em>Liberty</em> of the militarians years of construction kept to work, when Sea Fleet of the USSR (since the sixtieth years) starts a qualitatively new stage of development of marine transport including widescale replenishing of transport fleet. In this period practically each week was come into service two or three new vessels, per years rates of replenishing of the tonnage constituted 1 million of tons. In a composition only of generalpurpose dry cargo fleet began to enter vessels of domestic construction of a type: <em>Leninsky Comsomol</em>, <em>Poltava</em>, <em>Bezhiza</em>; foreign construction - <em>Omsk</em> (Japan), <em>Murom</em> (Poland), <em>Simferopol</em> (Poland), <em>Andizhan</em> (GDR), <em>Novuy Donbass</em> (Romania) and others. From the end of the sixtieth years of fleet kept to replenish with vessels of domestic and foreign construction of a type <em>Captain Kushnarenko</em>, <em>Slavyansk</em>, <em>Fiftieth Anniversary of Comsomol</em>, <em>Dubrovnik</em>, <em>Irkutsk</em>, <em>Communist</em> and others.
At such diversity of type sizes of new vessels in a composition of a generalpurpose dry cargo fleet Sea Fleet of the USSR there was a place and modest workers of the sea - <em>Liberty</em>. They found the niche and worked... Up to last. Such were on Ukraine vessels <em>Alexander Suvorov</em> and <em>Tbilisi</em>.
The destiny of her crew is linked to destiny of each vessel, and the destiny of a vessel depends on crew in many respects. Difficultly it\'s difficult for a vessel, people...
Recollecting about the vessels - workers, we shall return honour and seamen, which the difficult military and post-war miles have passed.
</HTML>
Original: [users.odessa.net]
<B><em>Liberty</em> long life of vessels built on one trip</B>
V. Goritsky, Ukraine
Has passed by little more than 20 years, as last were excluded from the list of vessels of the Azov marine shipping company on Ukraine generalpurpose dry-cargo ships such as <em>Liberty</em> steam vessels <em>Tbilisi</em> and <em>Alexander Suvorov</em>. The vessels have lived famous life, which began in 1943 on ship-building wharf Oregon Shipbuilding Corporation, arranged in the American city Portland. To head out by seas and oceans more than for 33 years it is fated not to many dry cargo carriers, that originally they were plotted on one transition through the Atlantic or Pasific oceans.
The vessels of this type were plotted because of sharp shortage of the tonnage which has appeared during the second world war at countries anti-nazi coalition.
Nazi Germany has deduced of the naval fleet, including underwater, on transport shipping paths of the Atlantic ocean. There German ships put significant losses to transport fleet of a coalition, first of all Great Britain.
Since September 1, 1939 till December, 1940 Great Britain has lost 20 % of the tonnage (585 vessels by the tonnage 4,5 million of tons), and to summer of 1941 it was shrank to third. The losses of fleet of other states have constituted on deadweight capacity 1,5 million of tons. On the same time the increase of the military help to the European and Asian countries on lend-lease by the United States of America is necessary.
The main loads on fulfilment and escalating of the tonnage, including dry-cargo generalpurpose fleet, have undertaken USA. Then on the basis of the British standard cargo ship by deadweight capacity 10 thousand tons was projected and the generalpurpose dry-cargo steam vessel such as <em>Liberty</em> (draft ES2-S-CIMK) is launched in serial production. Keel of a main vessel have put in pawn in city Baltimore of April 30, and the putting afloat was held on September 27, 1941.
The vessels of this type were welded, twin-deck, with five cargo holds, with a superstructure and engine-room in mid-range, about family by watertight bulkheads, which ensured unsinkability of a vessel at deluging any bulk hold. They were designed for work in a unrestricted navigation area.
Ship\'s electric powerplants, pumps, the cargo winches, steering engine, windlass, warping winch for diving bell had a drive from the appropriate steam engines. Heating - steam.
Rescue equipments two motor boats by bulk till 20 men two boat till 30 men, two plots and sixty individual (?). The anchor gear consist of two chains by a length on 250 m in calibre 57 mm.
For refrigeration of a provision store there was one refrigeration plant. The temperature schedule was supported automatically from -9,5 up to +5,0 grad Celsium.
The vessels of a series a little bit differed on the sizes and weighting characteristics, but differ in cargo gears. All vessels armed with ten easy derricks by cargo capacity on 3, 4 or 5 tons. Heavy derricks on one (it was usual 50 ton) or two, the cargo capacity them varied.
The installation of two guns up to 6 inches, 6 - 8 air-defence automatic control units (20 - 40 mms), machine guns, depth charges was provided. However per the first years of war not all vessels completely staffed with arms because of its absence. A case were arranged with degaussing installations, and steering and the chart rooms were defended by concrete plates. On some vessels the devices for bracing antitorpedo nets were established.
The building was organized on wharf of Pacific and Atlantic coast of USA.
The vessels of a series collected by a conveyor method with usage of electric welding, including automatic. The application of these innovations in shipbuilding has allowed to finish a productive cycle of assembly of a vessel about two months, and the absolute record of duration of construction <em>Liberty</em> has constituted 111 hours 30 minutes (wharf in city Richmond).
The cost of construction of vessels on various wharfs considerably changed. On wharf of staff California the first vessel costed of 1178 thousand dollars, and 124 - of 692 thousand.
In the whole increase of ship-building potential on <em>Liberty</em> was reached for account of development of material base of shipbuilding, simplification of a hull form, maximal simplification and unitization of marine equipment, application of new technology of assembly and fast preparing of ship-building staff, especially of welders. For fun spoke, that <em>Liberty</em> the hairdressers(barbers) pulpified. Simplification of constructions, lowering of demands to materials and quality of performance of works were by the reason of easing of a case, that fetched at pitching motion in rends of a deck, and in the worse cases (them was 8) - to breaking down of a case.
In this connection the draft was improved, and at the built vessels the case became stronger.
The vessels worked in wartime conditions, supplying engineering, strategic materials and food in Great Britain, China, USSR and other countries of a coalition much. And the part from them has continued to work and per post-war years. The reception <em>Liberty</em> in USSR on lend-lease and buyings began from January, 1943. For their reception from Soviet Union the staffed crews were shipped. There, in America, the vessels were loaded, in the main military engineering, weapon, ammunition, military equipment, food, then followed in ports of Soviet Union. On Far East a primary port of discharging was Vladivostok. In European Arctic ocean region - ports Murmansk, Arkhangelsk, Severodvinsk.
On <em>Liberty</em> of Far East Marine Shipping Company the cargoes from Australia, New Zealand, India, Indonesia were carried.
With vessels of this type ensured a supply of troops of the Karelian front, during act of war linked to liquidation of the centers second world on Pacific ocean, and also operated services of economic cargoes.
December 30, 1944 on transition of Murmansk to Liinahomari torpedoed by German U-boat a steam vessel <em>Tbilisi</em>. The fore, broken off by explosion, of a steam vessel sanked, stern has remained afloat. 14 men were lost, remaining were salvaged. When the storm has ceased, a stern <em>Tbilisi</em> have lifted from a bank in region of an island Kildin, where her has beaten by a wind and current, and have towed off in a port on discharge. Already after war on Arkhangelsk a repair factory \"Krasnaya Kuznica\" to a stern part have joined of a bow sister ship. Thus of second time the steam vessel <em>Tbilisi</em> was born, which captain was assigned Kacharava.
Per military years on <em>Liberty</em> (<em>Jahn Jores</em>) the woman - first in the world deep-sea master Anna Ivanovna Schetinina worked.
In total for military years 2770 vessels such as <em>Liberty</em> of various updating are built, from them 200 units were lost. Rendering the owing shipbuilders and seamen for the huge contribution to common victory, in USA annually September 27 mark Day <em>Liberty,/em>.
After the termination of the second world war the requirement for carriages of military cargoes was sharply shrank, and, naturally, the need for vessels such as <em>Liberty</em> was moderated. They solded, were staked on stop, and finding in other countries on lend-lease were reverted at home, where for them waited scraping.
In the Soviet Union these vessels with an end of the war at once have joined in work on recovery of a national economy, on providing the foreign trade carriages. They were largest on the sizes in a composition of a generalpurpose dry cargo fleet. The passport cargo capacity <em>Liberty</em> constituted 8,3 thousand tons, and medium cargo capacity of a vessel of a transport maritime fleet of Union by the beginning of 1946 - of 3,1 thousand.
All vessels were converted, are re-equipped, all of them have received new navigating domestic equipment (magnetic compasses, gyro-compasses, radio direction finders, radiolocators, echo-sounders, lags), on some the air-conditioning installations in service and accommodation spaces (<em>Beshtau</em>, <em>Sayany</em>) have appeared. The tweendecks of several vessels (<em>Bryansk</em>, <em>Vitebsk</em>, <em>Kamenetz-Podolsk</em>) have converted for carriage of the passengers (up to 568 adults and up to 100 children on a vessel).
On the moment of an ending of the war the vessels such as <em>Liberty</em> lay on Far East and in European Arctic ocean region. With the purpose of the solution of national transport tasks and possible maximal technical usage they from ÄÂÌà and ÌÌà were transferred in the Black Sea, Azov and Baltic marine shipping companies.
In a begining of of 1967 the presence of vessels <em>Liberty</em> on Soviet shipping companies was following: Far East shipping company - 23 ships, Black Sea shipping company - 13 ships, Baltic shipping company - 7 ships, Azov shipping company - 2 ships, Arctic shipping company - 1 ships.
The vessels Far East shipping company worked mostly in coastal shipping, ensuring cargoes of coast Japanese and Ochotskoje seas, Pacific coast of Kamchatka, Chukotka, Northern seas, islands of a Kuril patch and island of Sakhalin, and also fulfilled the foreign trade carriages of goods, as a rule, in countries of Asia and Australia.
<em>Liberty</em> Black Sea shipping company basically the India worked on ports of Mediterranean,, went in Far East ports of Soviet Union.
Black Sea shipping company directed the vessels to ports of Great Britain and Northern Europe, did trips in a great coasting trade on northern and Far East ports of the Soviet Union.
Azovian went on ports of Mediterranean. In the begining of of 1974 in a composition Sea Fleet there were 19 vessels <em>Liberty</em> from them 7 ships. In the Ukrainian shipping companies (Black Sea shipping company - 4 vessels, Azov shipping company - 3 vessels).
Hence, vessels such as <em>Liberty</em> of the militarians years of construction kept to work, when Sea Fleet of the USSR (since the sixtieth years) starts a qualitatively new stage of development of marine transport including widescale replenishing of transport fleet. In this period practically each week was come into service two or three new vessels, per years rates of replenishing of the tonnage constituted 1 million of tons. In a composition only of generalpurpose dry cargo fleet began to enter vessels of domestic construction of a type: <em>Leninsky Comsomol</em>, <em>Poltava</em>, <em>Bezhiza</em>; foreign construction - <em>Omsk</em> (Japan), <em>Murom</em> (Poland), <em>Simferopol</em> (Poland), <em>Andizhan</em> (GDR), <em>Novuy Donbass</em> (Romania) and others. From the end of the sixtieth years of fleet kept to replenish with vessels of domestic and foreign construction of a type <em>Captain Kushnarenko</em>, <em>Slavyansk</em>, <em>Fiftieth Anniversary of Comsomol</em>, <em>Dubrovnik</em>, <em>Irkutsk</em>, <em>Communist</em> and others.
At such diversity of type sizes of new vessels in a composition of a generalpurpose dry cargo fleet Sea Fleet of the USSR there was a place and modest workers of the sea - <em>Liberty</em>. They found the niche and worked... Up to last. Such were on Ukraine vessels <em>Alexander Suvorov</em> and <em>Tbilisi</em>.
The destiny of her crew is linked to destiny of each vessel, and the destiny of a vessel depends on crew in many respects. Difficultly it\'s difficult for a vessel, people...
Recollecting about the vessels - workers, we shall return honour and seamen, which the difficult military and post-war miles have passed.
</HTML>
