The anchor chain locker was on the starboard side ,but outside the pressure hull and situated just aft of the anchor housing . Above the locker was the windlass drum which was pressure proof as was the drive shaft and a set of bevel gears, all this is below the bow deck . The windlass drum was driven by a removeable capstan head which turned the bevel gears which turned the drive shaft which turned the drum and this brought up or let down the chain. This was operated by waterproof speed/ direction controls built into the top decking aft of the forward deck bollards. There was an electric capstan motor below the forward torpedo room floor boards which was also drove the capstan head via a long drive shaft. Rods or handles could be inserted into the capstan head and turned manually. Yes modern subs have anchors,they are on the bottom of the boat.